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DNA Project | Information | Test Results
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Townsend DNA Project Information and Resources |
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This page contains all kinds of information and links to various resources that will help understand DNA testing and what the results mean for those working on their family histories. Please scroll down the entire page as there are various sections.
TEST RESULTS Test results are being posted to the Project Test Results pages as they are received from FamilyTreeDNA.com, and as each project participant agrees to their results being posted. Test results found on the Sorenson Molecular Genetic Foundation website are also included.
A number of Townsend family groups have emerged or been confirmed with results shown in the Project Test Results - Matched Groups page. Results that match no other are on the No Match page.
There are links from the family group name and from each individual to additional information such as websites, gedcom files, lists of materials and resources.
HAPLOGROUPS Townsends are English in origin but not all are of the same genetic stock, rather they represent the various groups that lived in or that passed through England over the centuries as shown by the haplogroups that Townsend represent. Of the more than 100 Townsends tested to date the largest number are R1b and R1b1c followed by family groups that are R1a, I, and J2. Only one person is reported as E3b, F, G2 and N. The following explanations of the different Haplogroups are from FamilyTreeDNA. The Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2006 at http://www.isogg.org/tree/Main06.html is for informational purposes only, and does not represent an endorsement by ISOGG who prepared it. R1a Haplogroup R1is a lineage is believed to have originated in the Eurasian Steppes north of the Black & Caspian Seas. This lineage is thought to descend from a population of the Kurgan culture, known for the domestication of the horse (circa 3000 B.C.E.). These people were also believed to be the first speakers of the Indo-European language group. This lineage is found in central & western Asia, India, and in Slavic populations of Europe. R1b Haplogroup R1b is the most common haplogroup in European populations. It is believed to have expanded throughout Europe as humans re-colonized after the last glacial maximum 10-12 thousand years ago. This lineage is also the haplogroup containing the Atlantic modal haplotype. R1b1c Haplogroup R1b1c is the most common haplogroup in European populations. It is believed to have expanded throughout Europe as humans re-colonized after the last glacial maximum 10-12 thousand years ago. This lineage is also the haplogroup containing the Atlantic modal haplotype. I Haplogroup I dates to 23,000 years ago or longer. Lineages not in branches I1a, I1b or I1c are found distributed at low frequency throughout Europe. I1c The I1c lineage likely has its roots in northern France. Today it is found most frequently within Viking / Scandinavian populations in Northwest Europe and extends at low frequencies into Central and Eastern Europe. E3b This haplogroup is believed to have evolved in the Middle East. It expanded into the Mediterranean during the Pleistocene Neolithic expansion. It is currently distributed around the Mediterranean, southern Europe, and in north and east Africa. F The supergroup F is the parent haplogroup of G through R. Undifferentiated F lineages, F*, are extremely rare. F lineages are distributed in Europe, the Middle East, and Asia. Future work will better resolve the distribution and historical characteristics of this haplogroup. The current expectation in the science world is that branches will ultimately be found to account for all F lineages. G2 This lineage may have originated in India or Pakistan, and has dispersed into central Asia, Europe, and the Middle East. The G2 branch of this lineage (containing the P15 mutation) is found most often in the Europe and the Middle East. N This haplogroup is distributed throughout Northern Eurasia. It is the most common Y-chromosome type in Uralic speakers (Finns and Native Siberian). This lineage most likely originated in northern China or Mongolia and then spread into Siberia where it became a very common line in western Siberia. |
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MUTATIONS Mutations occur randomly at any time. FamilyTreeDNA notes that it is obvious from their observation of 1000's of samples that some markers change or mutate at a faster rate than others. While that actual 'faster rate' has not yet been definitively calculated, not all markers should be treated the same for evaluation purposes.
Explained another way, if one matches exactly on all of the markers except for one or a few of the markers that FTDNA has determined mutate more quickly; then despite the mutation this mismatch only slightly decreases the probability of two people in a surname group not sharing a recent common ancestor.
The color highlights of marker numbers in each family group indicate differences between persons believed to be in the same family group.
UNDERSTANDING MARKERS DYS 19 is also known as DYS 394.
464 a-d is a
complicated marker that is scored differently. It is multiple copies
of the same marker and the values are listed from lowest to highest.
The changes that occur on one marker, if mirrored at another location, are
read together. For example, the difference at 464 a is 3 and at 464b
it is also 3. Instead of reading this as a three step mutation, the
scientists see that whatever caused a to change, also caused b to change
at the same time, thus, they only count each difference as one.
READING MATERIAL - Paper and Electronic
"Can DNA Reveal Your Roots?" An article from Time magazine www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1079508,00.html If you are looking for a good help page on genetic genealogy Charles Kerchner who has produced a Genetic Genealogy Dictionary has lots of information at www.kerchner.com/dna-info.htm. World Families at http://worldfamilies.net/ has lots of information and has helped many projects.
The INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR GENETIC GENEALOGY whose "Mission is to advocate for and educate about the use of genetics as a tool for genealogical research and promote a supportive network for genetic genealogy." Check out www.ISOGG.org for more information about this on line organization of more than 1000 persons interested in genetic genealogy. The Townsend DNA Project is a founding member. It is free to join. ISSOG's email address is ISOGG@yahoogroups.com and the newbie group at http://groups.yahoo.com/group/DNA-NEWBIE/ Journal of Genetic Genealogy (JoGG). A on line publication of ISOGG may be viewed at the JoGG web site: www.jogg.info
ROOTSWEB'S email forum is at GENEALOGY-DNA-L@rootsweb.com
June 1, 2007
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Issues Or Problems With This Web Site? Contact: DNAProjectDirector@townsendsociety.org This Entire Web Site Copyright © 2002 Townsend Society of America
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